Premium Fort- und Weiterbildung in ZWM®-ZertifiziertemWundmanagement
Buch Akademie-ZWM®
Wundmanagement
Bücher, ebooks, Poster ...
lAight

Wund-Literatur

Thrombose Leitlinie AWMF

Anderson DR, Kovacs MJ, Kovacs G, et al. Combined use of clinical assessment and D-dimer to improve the management of patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected deep vein thrombosis (the EDITED Study). Thromb Haemost 2003; 1: 645-51.

Arcasoy SM, Vachani A. Local and systemic thrombolytic therapy for acute venous thromboembolism. Clin Chest Med 2003; 24: 73-91.

Arzneimittelkommission der deutschen Ärzteschaft. Bekanntgabe zur Heparininduzierten Thrombozytopenie. Dt. Ärzteblatt 1999; 96 (Heft 6).

Aschwanden M, Labs KH, Engel H, et al. Acute deep vein thrombosis: early mobilization does not increase the frequency of pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 2001; 85: 42-6.

Baglin T, Luddington R, Brown K, Baglin C. Incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism in relation to clinical and thrombophilic risk factors: prospective cohort study. Lancet 2003; 362: 523-6.

Baldwin ZK, Comerota AJ, Schwartz LB. Catheter-directed thrombolysis for deep venous thrombosis. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2004; 38: 1-9.

Barritt DW, Jordan SC. Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1960; I: 1309-12.

Bates SM, Kearon C, Crowther M, et al. A diagnostic strategy involving a quantitative latex D-dimer assay reliably excludes deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 787-94.

Beer JH, Burger M, Gretener S, et al. Outpatient treatment of pulmonary embolism is feasible and safe in a substantial proportion of patients. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1: 186-7.

Bernardi E, Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, et al. D-dimer testing as an adjunct to ultrasonography in patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis: prospective cohort study. BMJ 1998; 317: 1037-40.

Bertina RM. Molecular risk factors for thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1999; 82: 601-9.

Blättler W, Heller G, Largiader J, et al. Combined regional thrombolysis and surgical thrombectomy for treatment of iliofemoral vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 2004; 40: 620-5.

Blättler W, Martiney I, Blättler IK. Diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis and alternative diseases in symptomatic outpatients. Eur J Intern Med 2004; 15: 305-11.

Blevins S, Edwards S, Raskob G. Helical computed tomography and magnet resonance imaging: diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in symptomatic patients. Curr Opin Hematol 2003; 10: 345-50.

Brandjes DPM, Büller HR, Heijboer H, et al. Randomized trial of effect of compression stockings in patients with symptomatic proximal-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1997; 349: 759-62.

Brill-Edwards P, Ginsberg JS, Gent M, et al. Safety of withholding heparin in pregnant women with a history of venous thromboembolism. Recurrence of Clot in This Pregnancy Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1439-44.

British Thoracic Society of Care Committee Pulmonary Embolism Guideline Development Group. British Thoracic Society Guidelines for the management of suspected acute pulmonary embolism. Thorax 2003; 58: 470-84.

Büller HR, Agnelli G, Hull RD, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004; 126: 401S-28S.

Büller HR, Davidson BL, Decousus H, et al. Fondaparinux or enoxaparin for the initial treatment of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 867- 73.

Büller HR, Davidson BL, Decousus H, et al. Subcutaneous fondaparinux versus intravenous unfractionated heparin in the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1695-702.

Büller HR, Prins MH. Secondary prophylaxis with warfarin for venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 702-4.

Bundesärztekammer. Richtlinien zur Krebsfrüherkennung. Änderungsbeschluss vom 04.10.2002. Dt. Ärzteblatt 2002; 99: A706-8.

Cogo A, Lensing AWA, Koopman MMW, et al. Compression ultrasonography for diagnostic management of patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis: prospective cohort study. BMJ 1997; 316: 17-20.

Cornuz J, Ghali WA, Hayoz D, et al. Clinical prediction of deep venous thrombosis using two risk assessment methods in combination with rapid quantitative D-dimer testing. Am J Med 2002; 112: 198-203.

Cueto SM, Cavanaugh SH, Benenson RS, et al. Computed tomography scan versus ventilation-perfusion lung scan in the detection of pulmonary embolism. J Emerg Med 2001; 21: 155-64.

Dalen JE, Alpert JS, Hirsh J. Thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism: is it effective? Is it safe? When is it indicated? Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 2550-6.

Decousus H, Epinat M, Guillot K, et al. Superficial vein thrombosis: risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Curr Pulm Med 2003; 9: 393-7.

Decousus H, Leizorovicz A, Parent F, et al. A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. Prevention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 409-15.

DGA. Leitlinien zur Diagnostik und Therapie der Venenthrombose und Lungenembolie. VASA 2002; 31: Suppl 60.

DGP. Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie der tiefen Bein- und Beckenvenenthrombose. Phlebologie 2003; 6: 157-64.

Eklof B, Arfvidsson B, Kistner RL, et al. Indications for surgical treatment of iliofemoral vein thrombosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2000; 14: 471-82.

Elias A, Mallard L, Elias M, et al. A single complete ultrasound investigation of the venous network for the diagnostic management of patient with a clinically suspected first episode of deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs. Thromb Haemost 2003; 89: 221-7.

Eriksson H, Wahlander K, Gustafsson D, et al. A randomized, controlled, doseguiding study of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran compared with standard therapy for the treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis: THRIVE I. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1: 41-7.

Fattorini A, Crippa L, Vigano D'Angelo S, et al. A. Risk of deep vein thrombosis recurrence: high negative predictive value of D-dimer performed during oral anticoagulation. Thromb Haemost 2002; 88: 162-3.

Gerhardt A, Scharf RE, Beckmann MW, et al. Prothrombin and factor V mutations in women with a history of thrombosis during pregnancy and the puerperium. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 374-80.

Gerlach HE, Blättler W. Kontrollierte Einführung der ambulanten Behandllung der akuten tiefen Beinvenenthrombose: Machbarkeitsstudie an 827 Patienten. Phlebologie 2002; 31: 77-84.

Ghaye B, Szapiro D, Mastora I, et al. Peripheral pulmonary arteries: how far in the lung does multi-detector row spiral CT allow analysis? Radiology 2001; 219: 629-36.

Giannitsis E, Muller-Bardorff M, Kurowski V, et al. Independent prognostic value of cardiac troponin T in patients with confirmed pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2000; 102: 211-7.

Ginsberg JS, Bates SM. Management of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1: 1435-42.

Goldhaber SZ. A clinical overview of venous thromboembolism. Vasc Med 1998; 3: 35-40.

Goldhaber SZ. Pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 93-104.

Goldhaber SZ. Echocardiography in the management of pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136: 691-700.

Gottlieb RH, Voci SL, Syed L, et al. Randomized prospective study comparing routine versus selective use of sonography of the complete calf in patients with suspected deep venous thrombosis. Am J Roentgenol 2003; 180: 241-5.

Grifoni S, Olivotto I, Cecchini P, et al. Short-term clinical outcome of patients with acute pulmonary embolism, normal blood pressure, and echocardiographic right ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2000; 101: 2817-22.

Gulba DC, Schmid C, Borst HG, et al. Medical compared with surgical treatment for massive pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1994; 343: 576-7.

Hach W, Hach-Wunderle V. (eds) Phlebography and sonography of the veins. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer, 1997.

Hach W, Hach-Wunderle V. Die phlebographische Untersuchung der Soleus- und Gastrocnemiusvenen. Gefäßchirurgie 2002; 7: 31-8.

Hach W, Hach-Wunderle V, Präve F. Wie lassen sich die Phlebogramme verbessern? Gefäßchirurgie 2003; 8: 55-62.

Heilmann L, Rath W, von Tempelhoff GF, et al. Niedermolekulare Heparine in der Schwangerschaft. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 2002; 99: A424-A32.

Hirsh J, Dalen JE, Anderson DR, et al. Oral anticoagulants: Mechanism of action, clinical effectiveness, and optimal therapeutid range. CHEST 2001; 119: 8S-21S.

Hull R, Hirsh J, Sackett DL, et al. Clinical validity of a negative venogram in patients with clinically suspected venous thrombosis. Circulation 1981; 64: 622-5.

Hull RD, Raskob GE, Brant RF, rt al. The importance of initial heparin treatment on long-term clinical outcomes of antithrombotic therapy. The emerging theme of delayed recurrence. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 2317-21.

Hutten BA, Prins MH. Duration of treatment with vitamin K antagonists in symptomatic venous thromboembolism (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library 2004; issue 4.

Iorio A, Guercini F, Pini M. Low-molecular-weight heparin for the long-term treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism: meta-analysis of the randomized comparisons with oral anticoagulants. J Thromb Haemost 2002; 1: 1906-13.

Jamieson SW, Kapelanski DP. Pulmonary endarterectomy. Curr Probl Surg 2000; 37: 165-252.

Kanne JP, Lanani TA. Role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2004; 109: I15- I21.

Kasper W, Geibel A, Tiede N, et al. Distinguishing between acute and subacute massive pulmonary embolism by conventional and Doppler echocardiography. Br Heart J 1993; 70: 352-6.

Kasper W, Konstantinides S, Geibel A, et al. Management strategies and determinants of outcome in acute major pulmonary embolism: results of a multicenter registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 1165-71.

Kasper W, Konstantinides S, Geibel A, et al. Prognostic significance of right ventricular afterload stress detected by echocardiography in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism. Heart 1997; 77: 346-9.

Katz DS, Loud PA, Bruce D, et al. Combined CT venography and pulmonary angiography: a comprehensive review. Radiographics 2002; 22: 3-24.

Kearon C. Natural history of venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2003; 107: I-22-I-30.

Kearon C, Gent M, Hirsh J, et al. A comparison of three months of anticoagulation with extended anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 901-7.

Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Olschewski M, et al. Importance of cardiac troponins I and T in risk stratification of patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2002; 106: 1263-8.

Koopman MMW, Prandoni P, Piovella F, et al. Treatment of venous thrombosis with intravenous unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital as compared with subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin administered at home. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 682-7.

Kruip MJHA, Leclercq MGL, van der Heul C, et al. Diagnostic strategies for excluding pulmonary embolism in clinical outcome studies. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 941-51.

Kucher N, Printzen G, Doernhoefer T, et al. Low pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels predict benign clinical outcome in acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2003; 107: 1576-8.

Kurkciyan II, Sterz F, Meron G, et al. Thrombolysis and pulmonary embolism presenting with cardiac arrest. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 3496-7.

Largiader J, Blättler W, Gloor B. Therapeutic concept for acute leg and pelvic venous thrombosis. Acta Chir Belg 2002; 102: 356-61.

Lee AYY, Levine MN, Baker RI, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 146-53.

Lensing AW, Prins MH, Falanga A, et al. Extensive screening for occult malignant disease in idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2: 884-9.

Levine M, Gent M, Hirsh J, et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin administered primarily at home with unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital for proximal deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 677-81.

Lualdi JC, Goldhaber SZ. Right ventricular dysfunction after acute pulmonary embolism: pathophysiologic factors, detection, and therapeutic implications. Am Heart J 1995; 130: 1276-82.

Mayer E, Dahm M, Hake U, et al. Mid-term results of pulmonary thromboendarterectomy for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 61: 1788-92.

Meyer G, Marjanovic Z, Valcke J, et al. Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin for the secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a randomized controlled study. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1729-35.

Middeldorp S, Meinardi JR, Koopman MMW, et al. A prospective study of asymptomatic carriers of the factor V Leiden mutation to determine theiIncidence of venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 322-7.

Mills TD, Chan O, Matson M. The use of vena caval filters. Hosp Med 2001; 62: 327-31.

Miniati M, Prediletto R, Formichi B, et al. Accuracy of clinical assessment in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 864-71.

Monreal M, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al. Screening for occult cancer in patients with acute deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2: 876-81.

Moser KM, Daily PO, Peterson K, et al. Thromboendarterectomy for chronic, majorvessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Immediate and long-term results in 42 patients. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107: 560-5.

Mousa SA, Mohamed S. Antiangiogenic mechanisms and efficacy of the low molecular weight heparin, tinzaparin: anti-cancer efficacy. Oncol Rep 2004; 12: 683-8.

Musset D, Parent F, Meyer G, et al. Diagnostic strategy for patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a prospective multicentre outcome study. Lancet 2002; 360: 1914-20.

Nettelbladt E, Wuppermann T. Klinische Untersuchungen der tiefen Beinvenenthrombose. In: Wuppermann T, Richter A, eds. Thrombose und Thrombosefolgen. Konstanz: Schnetztor 1991.

Nilsson T, Mare K, Carlsson A. Value of structured clinical and scintigraphic protocols in acute pulmonary embolism. J Intern Med 2001; 250: 213-8.

O'Meara JR, McNutt RA, Evans AT, et al. A decision analysis of streptokinase plus heparin as compared with heparin alone for deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1895-6.

Palareti G, Legnani C, Cosmi B, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence: high negative value of D-dimer performed after oral anticoagulation is stopped. Thromb Haemost 2002; 87: 7-12.

Partsch H, Blättler W. Compression and walking versus bed rest in the treatment of proximal deep venous thrombosis with low molecular weight heparin. J Vasc Surg 2000; 32: 861-9.

Pengo V, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al. Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2257-64.

Perkins JM, Magee TR, Galland RB. Phlegmasia caerulea dolens and venous gangrene. Br J Surg 1996; 83: 19-23.

Perrier A, Desmarais S, Miron J, et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in outpatients. Lancet 1999; 353: 190-5.

Perrier A, Howarth N, Didier D, et al. Performance of helical computed tomography in unselected outpatients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 88-97.

Perrier A, Roy PM, Aujesky D, et al. Diagnosing pulmonary embolism in outpatients with clinical assessment, D-dimer measurement, venous ultrasound, and helical computed tomography: a multicenter management study. Am J Med 2004; 116: 291-9.

Pillny M, Sandmann W, Luther B, et al. Deep venous thrombosis during pregnancy and after delivery: indications for and results of thrombectomy. J Vasc Surg 2003; 37: 528-32.

Pinede L, Duhaut P, Cucherat M, et al. Comparison of long versus short duration of anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. J Intern Med 2000; 247: 553-62.

Plate G, Eklof B, Norgren L, et al. Venous thrombectomy for iliofemoral vein thrombosis--10-year results of a prospective randomised study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1997; 14: 367-74.

Prandoni P, Lensing A, W,A,, Bernardi E, et al. The diagnostic value of compression ultrasonography in patients with suspected recurrent deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2002; 88: 402-6.

Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al. Below-knee elastic compression stockings to prevent the post-thrombotic syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 249-56.

Prins MH, Hutten BA, Koopman MMW, Büller HR. Long-term treatment of venous thromboembolic disease. Thromb Haemost 1999; 82: 892-8.

Prologo JD, Glauser J. Variable diagnostic approach to suspected pulmonary embolism in the ED of a major academic tertiary care center. Am J Emerg Med 2002; 20: 5-9.

Pruszczyk P, Kostrubiec M, Bochowicz A, et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 649-53.

Raptopoulos V, Boiselle PM. Multi-detector row spiral CT pulmonary angiography: comparison with single-detector row spiral CT. Radiology 2001; 221: 606-13.

Rath W, Heilmann L. Thrombophile Risikofaktoren und Schwangerschaftskomplikationen. Frauenarzt 2002; 43: 537-46.

Reekers JA, Baarslag HJ, Koolen MG, et al. Mechanical thrombectomy for early treatment of massive pulmonary embolism. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2003; 26: 246-50.

Reissig A, Kroegel C. Therapeutic approaches to acute pulmonary embolism. Internist 2004; 45: 540-8.

Ridker PM, Goldhaber SZ, Danielson E, et al. Long-term, low-intensity warfarin therapy for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1425-34.

Schellong SM, Schwarz T, Halbritter K, et al. Complete compression ultrasonography of the leg veins as a single test for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2003; 89: 228-34.

Schellong SM, Schwarz T, Kropp J, et al. Bed rest in deep vein thrombosis and the incidence of scintigraphic pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 1999; 82: 127-9.

Schoepf UJ, Holzknecht N, Helmberger TK, et al. Subsegmental pulmonary emboli: improved detection with thin-collimation multi-detector row spiral CT. Radiology 2002; 222: 483-90.

Schulman S, Wahlander K, Lundström T, et al. Secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1713-21.

Schutgens REG, Ackermark P, Haas FJLM, et al. Combination of a normal D-dimer concentration and a non-high pretest clinical probability score is a safe strategy to exclude deep venous thrombosis. Circulation 2003; 107: 593-7.

Schwarz T, Romahn K, Schellong SM. The value of compression ultrasound of the calf veins in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Haemostaseologie 2004; 24: A63.

Schwarz T, Schmidt B, Höhlein U, et al. Eligibility for home treatment of deep vein thrombosis: prospective study. BMJ 2001; 322: 1212-3.

Simmoneau G, Sors H, Charbonnier B. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 663-9.

Stein PD, Henry JW. Prevalence of acute pulmonary embolism among patients in a general hospital and at autopsy. Chest 1995; 108: 978-81.

Stein PD, Hull RD, Patel KD, et al. D-dimer for the exclusion of acute venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 589-602.

Tack D, De Maertelaer V, Gevenois PA. Dose reduction in multidetector CT using attenuation-based online tube current modulation. Am J Roentgenol 2003; 181: 331-4.

Tapson VF, Witty LA. Massive pulmonary embolism. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Clin Chest Med 1995; 16: 329-40.

The PIOPED Investigators. Value of perfusion lung scan in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: results of the prospective study of acute pulmonary diagnosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 1387-93.

Tutschek B, Struve S, Goecke T, et al. Clinical risk factors for deep venous thrombosis in pregnancy and the puerperium. J Perinat Med 2002; 30: 367-70.

van Beek EJ, Brouwers EM, Song B, et al. Lung scintigraphy and helical computed tomography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2001; 7: 87-92.

van den Belt AG, Prins MH, Lensing AW, et al. A: Fixed dose subcutaneous low molecular weight heparins versus adjusted dose unfractionated heparin for venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; CD001100.

van der Heijden JF, Hutten BA, Büller HR, et al. Vitamin K antagonists or lowmolecular- weight heparin for the long term treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD002001 2002.

van Dongen CJ, Vink R, Hutten BA, et al. The incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism after treatment with vitamin K antagonists in relation to time since first event: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1285-93.

Vieillard-Baron A, Qanadli SD, Antakly Y, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with acute cor pulmonale: a comparison with radiological procedures. Intensive Care Med 1998; 24: 429-33.

Wacker P, Wacker R, Kreft H-U, et al. Akute Lungenembolie: Die meisten Patienten weisen für die Diagnosestellung charakteristische Symptome auf. Ein Algorithmus für die Krankenhausnotaufnahme bzw. den Patient-Arzt-Primärkontakt wird vorgeschlagen. Intensivmed 2004; 41: 283.

Wacker R, Wacker P, Kreft HU, et al. Akute Lungenembolie: Der echokardiographische Rechtsherz-Score ist nicht nur Prädiktor der Krankenhaussterblichkeit, sondern auch Prädiktor der 6-Monats-Sterblichkeit. Intensivmed 2004; 41: 270.

Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: yet another treatment paradox? Thromb Haemost 2001; 85: 947-9.

Wells PS, Anderson DR, Bormanis J, et al. Value of assessment of pretest probability of deep-vein thrombosis in clinical management. Lancet 1997; 350: 1795-8.

Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, et al. Evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of suspected deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1227-35.

Wells PS, Forster AJ. Thrombolysis in deep vein thrombosis: is there still an indication? Thromb Haemost 2001; 86: 499-508.

Wells PS, Ginsberg JS, Anderson DR, et al. Use of a clinical model for safe management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 997-1005.

Wells PS, Hirsh J, Anderson DR, et al. Accuracy of clinical assessment of deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1995; 345: 1326-30.

Wells PS, Rodger M. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: when is imaging needed? Clin Chest Med 2003; 24: 13-28.

White RH. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2003; 107: 1- 8.

Wicki J, Perneger TV, Junod AF, et al. Assessing clinical probability of pulmonary embolism in the emergency ward. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 92-7.

Wildberger JE, Mahnken AH, Schmitz-Rode T, et al. Individually adapted examination protocols for reduction of radiation exposure in chest CT. Invest Radiol 2001; 36: 604-11.